Smoking Prohibited With Minors In Vehicles Essays - Smoking

Smoking Prohibited With Minors In Vehicles Shaw 2 Smoking Prohibited with Minors in Vehicles Youngsters don't have a decision whether a grown-up smokes while driving a vehicle. As per Chest magazine, 4.8 million American youngsters have been determined to have asthma. The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta report that in 1993, 159,000 youngsters younger than fifteen were hospitalized for intense asthma, and 5,300 individuals passed on. The American Lung Association expresses that the yearly human services cost for asthma is 12.6 billion dollars. ?The estimation of diminished efficiency because of loss of school days spoke to the biggest single circuitous cost identified with asthma, drawing nearer $1 billion.? The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease expresses that, ?More than 10 million school days are missed yearly because of asthma.? ?Every year in America, there are roughly 10.4 million doctor office visits for the treatment of asthma. Around 33% of those visits are for patients younger than 18,? as detailed in the New England Journal of Medicine. This law would be approved by the United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3To control Commerce with outside Nations, and among the few States, and with the Indian Tribes.? This Commerce Clause would relate to those people going in vehicles. Included approval is found in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18. The important and appropriate statement would take into consideration the original thought of directing individual propensities inside exclusive vehicles. In American Government and Politics Shaw 3 Today, this provision ?has permitted Congress to adjust the legislature to changing needs and times?. Implementation of this law would be designated to each state. Each state's Department of Transportation, Highway/State Patrol would likewise then uphold this law. Neighborhood law/County Sheriff workplaces would give their help in like manner. As expressed in the Children's Asthma Relief Act of 1999, ?Asthma is regularly an interminable sickness that is treatable with wandering consideration, however more than 43 percent of its monetary effect originates from utilization of crisis rooms, hospitalization, and passing. Youngsters matured 0 to 5 years who are presented to maternal smoking are multiple times bound to create asthma contrasted and those liberated from introduction.? Youngsters don't get the chance to pick with whom they ride, nor what the driver of the vehicle does. There have been a few open developments to expose the predicament of kid disregard and misuse. There has been no development to educate the American open about a kid's entitlement to inhale outside air in a vehicle. Smoking in a vehicle can be considered as unsafe as blowing smoke legitimately into a kid's face in a minuscule room. As a parent of a youngster with asthma, I feel that more guardians ought to think about their kid's wellbeing and prosperity. As a smoker, I likewise understand that numerous guardians may not understand the measure of mischief they are perpetrating upon their youngster. Smoking close to youngsters, or even in a similar room, ought to be considered as damaging as permitting a minor to expend liquor. The option to smoke, hurtful as it might be, is still just an individual right. The demonstration of contaminating a kid's lungs is anything but a right, and o ught to be viewed as a wrongdoing. Shaw 4 There are right now no laws managing smoking in exclusive vehicles. There are laws that boycott smoking in government structures, working environments, and open eateries. Youngsters would profit colossally by having the option to inhale clean air inside the bounds of a vehicle. Guardians would profit with potentially lower wellbeing costs, as would their medical coverage offices. Business and industry would profit by diminishing the efficiency misfortune because of medical issues. The translation of the Commerce Clause would be influenced by the guideline of the act of smoking in an exclusive vehicle. List of sources none Political Theory

The Post Civil War South Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Post Civil War South - Essay Example African-Americans and poor whites living in the South were denied land and the financial strength that it could give. After the Civil War, the unfulfilled guarantees of opportunity and autonomy disintegrated into a semi bondage arrangement of sharecropping and poor people compensation rather than the fantasy of land possession and genuine freedom. In the horticultural South, any headway towards opportunity, equity, and social liberties would should be joined by the genuine chance to claim land. Land was not just the security of what it could deliver. In the South, land was an image of unfulfilled dreams, an outflow of social freedom, and an important portrayal of genuine social capital. The estate arrangement of creation that multiplied in the South in the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years put land as a cash. Landowners that had the option to create cotton could have credit extensions and guarantee themselves a consistent salary. Without land possession they were nothing. Practically all societal position was acquired and estimated from the quantity of sections of land anybody claimed. The appropriation of the factor framework by the cotton ranches in the South left little for the grower and less for the laborers and slaves. All things considered, grower would be headed to extend and the motivation to expand his endeavors had gotten profound established and was clearly overwhelming. There was a kind of air brain science in the circumstance that appeared to make a man perpetually disappointed with deteriorated adequacy (Stone, 1915, p.562-563). In the South, the subject of status was not what you did, yet rather what number of sections of land you possessed . The Ante-bellum South additionally delivered a Catch 22 of uncertainty towards the responsibility for. While it was unmistakably comprehended that land was a huge proportion of a man's social and material worth, those that were denied its utilization likewise censured land possession. Strict convictions in the South were at first developed from an idea of land as a common asset. Goldsmith (1988, p.392) states, land, recently treated as a mutual asset and for the most part insusceptible from singular possession, turned into a ware, open to singular venture. Conventional agrarian culture had been attacked by the powers of a national entrepreneur economy. As the development of land from an endurance source to a financial factor advanced, the social structure denied certain individuals from possession. Faulkner in Go Down, Moses depicts the Catch 22 of individuals looking for land, yet understanding the negative outcomes of proprietorship. He composes, ... the land, the fields, and what they spoke to as far as cotton ginned and sold, the people whom they took care of and dressed and even paid a little cold hard cash at Christmas-time as an end-result of the work which planted and raised and picked and ginned the cotton, the hardware and donkeys and apparatus with which they raised it and their expense and upkeep and substitution - that entire building mind boggling and complex and established upon bad form and raised by merciless greed and continued even yet with now and again absolute viciousness not exclusively to the individuals yet the significant creatures as well (p.221). Without land and its capacity to deliver and give, man was nothing. However with it man could likewise turn into the absolute opposite of otherworldliness that was characterized by Christianity, yet in addition by the African-American types of love. The guarantee of land after the Civil War was an emblematic perfect that

Books About the South Reading as a Cure for Homesickness

Books About the South Reading as a Cure for Homesickness Last night I found myself surrounded by books about the South, as well as my North Carolina guidebook, eating a Moon Pie and drinking a peach Nehi soda. You could say I was a little homesick. Yes, homesick. I wasn’t born in NC â€" I’m a born and bred Northerner â€" but I went to graduate school in NC, and when I graduated, I stayed for a few years. Chapel Hill and North Carolina felt like home, in a way that no place ever had before, and no place ever has since. I left to pursue more schooling, and often wonder what would have happened if I’d stayed. I still live up North. My family lives up here, and now that I have my son, having family nearby is important. But damn if nearly every day, I feel the ache toward the Old North State. So I compensate by rereading my favorite Southern literature, drinking lots of Cheerwine (it’s soda, not wine), and eating Moon Pies and Goo Goo Clusters. Here are some books I’ve reached for recently when feeling the pull South. Talk Southern to Me by Julia Fowler Rooted in Southern idioms and phrases, this fun book by the creator of YouTube’s Southern Women Channel has essays about Southern parenting, manners, love, family, and more. If you’ve ever said “I’m fixin’ to go” or are familiar with all of the different nuances of “Bless your/her/his heart,” you’ll be right at home reading this book. South Toward Home: Adventures and Misadventures in my Native Land by Julia Reed Reed is a writer for the Southern-centric magazine Garden Gun â€" so I knew I was in for a treat when an advance copy of this book was sent to me. These essays capture the particulars about the South, but the universality of her experiences. From New Orleans to Virginia, to North Carolina, to the Delta,   Reed captures the local flavor, while not alienating anyone unfamiliar with the South. I laughed, I ached with homesickness, and found myself nodding along with these essays â€" the only thing wrong with it is that I wanted more. This is one I’ll definitely be rereading whenever I need to go down South, even if only in my head. (This book comes out July 31st). Moon Handbooks: North Carolina I’m a big nerd about travel books. I wrote about it here; how when I’m not able to travel to places, I read about them. So I guess it’s only natural that when I’m missing somewhere, a travel book would be sort of like the next best thing. I had this on my shelf from a few years ago, and picked it up again, wanting to immerse myself in familiar scenery. It was bittersweet, to say the least. South Toward Home: Travels in Southern Literature by Margaret Eby Yeah, awkward, I know â€" two books with nearly the same title. But both are great books, and each is unique in what it offers, so it’s all good. Eby’s book is a mix of Southern lit crit, travel writing, and memoir. She goes to different locations in the South â€" more specifically, hometowns of Southern writers, like Harper Lee, Eudora Welty, Harry Crews, and Flannery O’Connor â€" and examines the culture, the people, and the legacy of the writers. It’s a delightful mix of all things Southern and literary, and really gets at the concept of setting as a character, something that stands out in Southern lit. Do you ever get homesick for a place? If so, do you read books local to that place? Looking for more? Read 5 Books That Anchor Me When I’m Homesick and On Southern Literature and a Sense of Place.

Solstice Celebrations

If future archaeologists were to replay news audiotapes from the turn-of-the-21st century holidays, they would hear weekly updates on the success or failure of area merchants and editorials on how their sales figures reveal the true state of the economy. If they also had access to computer records, they might assume the legal definition of Christmas in the U.S. includes a fiscal obligation for each family to incur self-destructive debt. Is there a connection between dwindling light and conspicuous consumption? Between the end of the year and irresponsible behavior? Certainly, there is a connection between the solstice and the presence of millions of twinkling little bulbs illuminating a sky that has been dark for too long. And there is a biological connection between cold and overindulgence in food, but even if less logical, the connection between festivities and years end seems just as central to our behavior. There are many winter celebrations that antedate our placement of Christmas on December 25, three of which are described on the following pages: SaturnaliaHanukkahMithras Holiday Extravagance The festival of the Kalends is celebrated everywhere as far as the limits of the Roman Empire extend... The impulse to spend seizes everyone.... People are not only generous towards themselves, but also towards their fellow-men. A stream of presents pours itself out on all sides.... The Kalends festival banishes all that is connected with toil and allows men to give themselves up to undisturbed enjoyment. From the minds of young people, it removes two kinds of dread: the dread of the schoolmaster and the dread of the stern pedagogue.... Another great quality of the festival is that it teaches men not to hold too fast to their money, but to part with it and let it pass into other hands. Libanius, quoted in The Xmas Story Part 3 In Ancient Rome, the mythical age of Saturns kingship was a golden age of happiness for all men, without theft or servitude, and without private property. Saturn, dethroned by his son Jupiter, had joined Janus as ruler in Italy, but when his time as earthly king was up, he disappeared. â€Å"It is said that to this day He lies in a magic sleep on a secret island near Britain, and at some future time ... He will return to inaugurate another Golden Age.† Janus instituted the Saturnalia as a yearly tribute to his friend, Saturn. For mortals, the festival provided a yearly symbolic return to the Golden Age. It was an offense during this period to punish a criminal or start a war. The meal normally prepared only for the masters was prepared and served first to the slaves, and in further reversal of the normal order, it was served to the slaves by the masters. All people were equal and, because Saturn ruled before the current cosmic order, Misrule, with its lord (Saturnalia Princeps), was the order of the day. Children and adults exchanged gifts, but the adult exchange became so great a problem -- the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer -- that a law was enacted making it legal only for richer people to give them to poorer. According to Macrobius Saturnalia, the holiday was originally probably only one day, although he notes an Atellan playwright, Novius, described it as being seven days. With Caesars changing of the calendar, the number of days of the festival increased. Another festival connected with lights in the middle of winter, gift giving, and indulgent food is the 2000-year old holiday [www.ort.org/ort/hanukkah/history.htm] Hanukkah, literally, dedication, since Hanukkah is a celebration of the re-dedication of the Temple following a purification ritual. Following this re-dedication, in 164 B.C., the Maccabees were planning to relight the Temples candles, but there wasnt enough unpolluted oil to keep them burning until fresh oil could be obtained. By a miracle, the one nights worth of oil lasted eight days -- plenty of time for to obtain a new supply. In commemoration of this event a menorah, a 9-branched candlestick, is lit each of 8 nights (using the ninth candle), amid singing and blessings. This commemoration is Hanukkah (also spelled Hanukah or Channuka / Chanukkah). According to reader Ami Isseroff: â€Å"Channuka was originally Chag Haurim - the festival of light. This leads to the suspicion that it, too, was a solstice holiday that existed before the victory of the Maccabees, which was welded unto it.† Dateline: 12/23/97 Mithras, Mithra, Mitra Mithraism radiated from India where there is evidence of its practice from 1400 B.C. Mitra was part of the Hindu pantheon* and Mithra was, perhaps, a minor Zoroastrian deity**, the god of the airy light between heaven and earth. He was also said to have been a military general in Chinese mythology. The soldiers god, even in Rome (although the faith was embraced by male emperors, farmers, bureaucrats, merchants, and slaves, as well as soldiers), demanded a high standard of behavior, temperance, self-control, and compassion -- even in victory. Such virtues were sought by Christian, too. Tertullian chides his fellow Christians for unbecoming behavior: Are you not ashamed, my fellow soldiers of Christ, that you will be condemned, not by Christ, but by some soldier of Mithras? Survivals of Roman Religions p. 150 Since earliest history, the Sun has been celebrated with rituals by many cultures when it began its journey into dominance after its apparent weakness during winter. The origin of these rites, Mithrasists believe, is this proclamation at the dawn of human history by Mithras commanding His followers to observe such rites on that day to celebrate the birth of Mithras, the Invincible Sun. dies natalis solis invicti Mithraism, like Christianity, offers salvation to its adherents. Mithras was born into the world to save humanity from evil. Both figures ascended in human form, Mithras to wield the sun chariot, Christ to Heaven. The following summarizes the aspects of Mithraism that are also found in Christianity. Mithras, the sun-god, was born of a virgin in a cave on December 25, and worshipped on Sunday, the day of the conquering sun. He was a savior-god who rivaled Jesus in popularity. He died and was resurrected in order to become a messenger god, an intermediary between man and the good god of light, and the leader of the forces of righteousness against the dark forces of the god evil.- Pagan Origins of Christmas Update: 12/23/09 See: Mithraism Aurelian, Constantine, and Sol in Late Antiquity *On G. Wissowas (1912, 367) contention that the festival was instituted by Aurelian, cf. Wallraff 2001, 176-7 n. 12; Salzman 1990, 151 n. 106; Heim 1999, 643 with refs. There is no explicit evidence stating that the feast of December 25th was instituted by Aurelian. In fact the calendar of 354, supplemented by Julians hymn to Helios, is our only conclusive evidence for an official feast day in honour of Sol on that day. On the evidence currently available we cannot exclude the possibility that, for instance, the 30 chariot races held in honor of Sol on December 25th were instituted in reaction to the Christian claim of December 25th as the birthday of Christ. In general, the extent to which late pagan festivals copied, incorporated, or responded to Christian practices, elements, and dates deserves far more attention than it has received; cf. Bowersock 1990, 26-7, 44-53. For more on the virgin (or other) birth of Mithras, see: The Miraculous Birth of Mithras, by M. J. Vermaseren Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol. 4, Fasc. 3/4 (1951), pp. 285-301 For more on modern biographies of Mithras, see: Merkelbachs Mithras, by Roger Beck. Phoenix, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 296-316 *On the Antiquity of Vedic CultureHermann OldenbergThe Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (Oct., 1909), pp. 1095-1100 **On Mithras Part in ZoroastrianismMary BoyceBulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 32, No. 1 (1969), pp. 10-34andZoroastrian Survivals in Iranian FolkloreR. C. ZaehnerIran, Vol. 3, (1965), pp. 87-96

Differences Between Morgenthau And Kant - 1311 Words

A school of thought, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is a point of view held by a particular group. Schools of thought relating to world politics are theories that have been the center and cause of countless debates. Two of the most well-known and influential schools of thought in the realm of international politics are realism and liberalism. While the ideas making up both systems have been around for centuries, each school has been since furthered and analyzed by international relations experts and philosophers. Two notable figures of realism and liberalism are Hans Morgenthau and Immanuel Kant, respectively, who formed basic principles that became the center of each school of thought. There are several key differences between Morgenthau and Kant. Some of these lie in their opposing views on international systems, states as actors in international affairs, and ethical issues. Others revolve around government systems and the concept of human nature. Hans Morgenthau, a philosopher of realist thought, believed individual states to be the most important actors on the international stage. He argues that states are self-interested forces constantly vying with other states for dominance; that they’re vying with them for power. Power refers to â€Å"anything that establishes and maintains the control of man over man.† States are consistently consumed with the process of maintaining the power they already have and acquiring more. In Politics Among Nations, MorgenthauShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke : A Work Of Political Ingenuity872 Words   |  4 Pagespower between state and its people without common superior intervening revert a society to state of nature. BETWEEN KANT AND LOCKE: SIMILARITIES AND THE INCONGRUITY IN THEIR THOUGHT This part focuses on the contrasting views and similarities between the works of Locke and Kant on civil society. 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Religiosity of Hwadu (Koan) Meditation Free Essays

Hwadu means a Korean word for koan. A koan can be pronounced as ko.an, which is a dialog, a question, a story or a statement in the history and lore of Zen Buddhism. We will write a custom essay sample on Religiosity of Hwadu (Koan) Meditation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally containing aspects that are inaccessible to rational understanding, yet that may be accessible to intuition. Human beings are made perfectly. It has the body, soul and spirit which other creatures here on land do not possess. It has the capacity to rationalize things happen around. The human beings are created as the most intelligent and superior creature here on earth but the argument is how can a human being considered as superior when he/she does not aware of his/her own mind? Perhaps, if a human being ponders and seeks what’s really in his/her mind, he/she will be able to comprehend his true nature.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . A human being who comes to that deep realization and awakening is regarded as a Buddha (Enlightened or Awakened One), a master of all things and a noble man indeed. He or she is one who transcended the commonplace and was awaked from the shared â€Å"bad dream† that we call as normal waking reality. All human beings are perceived as Buddhas in spirit as they are born. But if the mind of a Buddha is obscured by â€Å"normal† upbringing or trauma, he or she will lose awareness of Buddhahood and function as a sentient being. As long as one is only concerned with the body and enslaved by the idea of separation, desire and dependence on satisfaction from the environment, this world will remain as a â€Å"defiled† realm, full of uncertainty, fear and suffering. But upon awakening to one’s inherent Buddhahood, this very same world becomes a †Pure   Land†. The purpose of practicing Zen meditation is to awaken the mind. This practice doesn’t involve just sitting quietly and trying to calm and pacify the mind. It doesn’t also entail contemplating the breath. Instead it involves direct inquiry into a hwadu. An example of a hwadu would be a question such as asking of things (what is this? or what is this mind?). What you are searching for can be called by many different names -mind, spirit, soul, true nature, and so forth -but such designations are merely labels. You should put aside all of these names and reflect on the fact that the true master of the body is more than just the label mind. The master of the body is not the Buddha (awakened), for it is not yet awakened nor is it anything material, because it cannot be physically given away or received, nor is it simply empty space, for empty space cannot pose questions or have knowledge of good and evil. There are many ways how hwadu meditation being practiced. Korean Buddhism was able to formulate and developed unique characteristics that will only be found in them. The foremost part of its characteristics is that Korean Buddhism is Seon (Zen: Japanese pronunciation of Chinese character Buddhism. Seon Buddhism follows the tradition of Juaseon or sitting meditation with Hwadu (Koan) practice. The foremost part of its characteristics is that Korean Buddhism is Seon (Zen: Japanese pronunciation of Chinese character Buddhism. Seon Buddhism follows the tradition of Juaseon or sitting meditation with Hwadu (Koan) practice. It aims to bring the human being into his or her own Buddha nature without to study complicated teachings of Buddhism. 1 (Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism, The Soul Times, May29, 2004). The other way is the yogic exercise. Yogic exercise involves not only the mind per se but also it involves body movements like in the form of exercise. There are lots of yogic exercises such as hatha yogic exercise which is known as yoga; physical exercises like jogging, walking, swimming and doing household chores; and yogic breathing. In yogic breathing just combine the three body positions –sitting, standing and lying on the back. To complete it, combine all the three parts- abdominal, middle and upper parts of the chest in a wave-like movement. After exhaling completely, begin to inhale, letting the abdomen come out a little, and filling the lower part of the lungs, then expanding the ribs, while slightly drawing in the stomach until finally the top part of the lungs is filled. Yogic exercise has lots of benefits not only it provides good relaxation but most of all you enjoyed it. The view points of dependent origination especially the religiosity of hwadu meditation is believing and doing the things as they are. Dependent origination is a doctrine that believing the entire teaching of Buddha. They believe in meditation practice especially in tranquility and insight. Buddha taught also breathe, visualization practice and among other as conducive to mental cultivation†¦ Peaceful reflection then gives rise to happiness or bliss, which in turn leads to a state of â€Å"Samadhi† or deep unshakeable concentration. In dependent origination, human being is believed to be anxious and struggle to fulfill their desire which is impossible for anyone to do. The more they search, the more anxious they become. Suffering follows all the way. There is no balance and fulfillment because people’s minds are dominated by Ignorance. Therefore, imperfection will always be present. Zen Buddhists are generally known as the â€Å"meditation Buddhists†. Zazen is a particular kind of meditation which is unique to Zen that functions centrally as the very heart of the practice. Basically, zazen is the study of the self. References: Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism. The Seoul Times, May 29, 2004. The Seoul   Times, May 29, 2004 http://www.buddhistnews.tv/current/kr-buddhism-290504.php On Dependent Origination† by Ryuei Michael McCormick   2002. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koan http://www.indiangyan.com/books/yogabooks/yoga_harmony/complete  Ã‚   yogic_breathing.shtm How to cite Religiosity of Hwadu (Koan) Meditation, Essay examples

Tess of the DUrbervilles the role of Chance Essay Example

Tess of the DUrbervilles the role of Chance Paper Thomas Hardy professed himself disillusioned with the idealised traditional Victorian denouement or regulation finish, which he described as indescribably unreal and meretricious. His distaste for such unrealistically happy endings is obvious in Tess fate, which he retained despite the fact that he received letters from readers imploring him not to let her die. Her death was the natural and, in one way, the more satisfying ending. It is therefore somewhat jarring to find in the work of one who was so vehement in his wish that Tess should be Faithfully Presented to find irregularities in the flow of events which impede the smooth consistency of the plot and characters. Most strikingly, throughout the book are incidents of the failure of characters to perform the right action or make the right decision, in a situation in which it may have greatly reduced their suffering and resulted in a naturally happy ending. For example, after Tess confession and Angels rejection of her, Hardy repeatedly refers to the fact that if she had been a woman of the world [she] might have conquered him by exploiting the back current of sympathy which remained in Angel (Ch XXXVI); If [she] had been artful he would not have withstood her (Ch XXXVII). However, she does not see this she accepts his rejection. If Tess had suggested that no one could know or care about her misfortunes or reproach the couple for them, Angel would have had to admit the thought arose in [his] own mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Tess of the DUrbervilles the role of Chance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tess of the DUrbervilles the role of Chance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tess of the DUrbervilles the role of Chance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From Angels departure to his return, Tess manages to retain her devotion to him despite his treatment of her, the hardships she endures in his absence, his lack of communication and the torment of Alec DUrbervilles pursuit. She shows an incredible persistence and largeness of spirit in resisting the temptation to surrender her hopes of her husband recalling her. But eventually, driven by concern for her family, a desire to be their Providence, she crumbles just days before Angel finds her. The coincidence of times and the tragedy of the narrowness of the interval is unrealistic and even cliche. Existing merely to heighten the suspence and tragedy. Many of the unreasonable jumps and coincidences in Tess serve to hurt the heroine and emphasise her position as a victim both of society and a cruel fate. This may be a deliberate device on the part of the author, who was an admirer of Tess, to invite the sympathy of contemporary readers who may have been disturbed by her sexual encounter with Alec early in the novel, and who needed reassuring that Tess was in fact A Pure Woman, and the victim of unfortunate events rather than their instigator. Tess purity, so emphasised, and her automatic tendency to find sweet pleasure somewhere even after the hardest setbacks may also seem implausible, but Tess is a complex personality characterised by duality her split nature being seen in her division between peasantry and middle class, her illustrious name and low origins, her two dialects and the mysterious maiden/harlot contradiction on the edge of her nature. Tess has enough spirit to defend herself against the Queen of Spades and determinedly take her leave of Alec, and even when she submits to Angel Clares judgement she attempts to defend herself a little. Tess stands as a symbol of the split between to two worlds of traditional agriculture and progressive industry and also between those of traditional rural culture and the more refined and educated class. Hardys main implausibilities lie way in which the fate which the President of the Immortals has in store for her seems inevitable when viewed with hindsight and is facilitated by so many acts of Chance. Chance governs Tess fate. In the first chapter, Parson Tringham describes how his researches into the DUrberville/Darbeyfield link had been instigated by a casual sighting of the higglers cart and been led to make inquiries. Without this fairly vital chanced happening, unless the parson had been inspired some other way, it is doubtful that any of the events that followed would have occurred. The Durbeyfields discovery of the illustrious link gives them the idea of contacting the Stoke-DUrbervilles and it is hinted marry some noble gentleman. Although she at first refuses to countenance this, such thoughts lead Tess to drift off and neglect the cart which should have been driven by her father, but for the fact that he was rendered incapable by the ale he had consumed in celebration of his newfound aristocracy. By Chance, the lantern also goes out as a mail-cart is speeding down the road, causing the death of Prince. The fact that she regarded herself in the light of a murderess (Ch V) over the horses death and the familys loss of income is the only reason Tess acquiesces to be sent to visit Mrs DUrberville at the Chase, the site of her ruin. It is clear then that Chance played the major role in conducting Tess to the Chase. But later, Chance was also the pivotal player in the collapse of her marriage to Angel particularly, the fact that she could not tell him her trouble before the marriage. He even supposes that if only she had told him them he would still have loved and married her. However, despite her efforts, Chance prevented her from confessing her secret during their days at Talbothays. When she tried to tell him outright, he inadvertently made it very difficult for her. When she wrote him a letter containing the story, by an extraordinarily unfortunate circumstance, it slipped under the carpet and he did not see it. When Tess has finally used her allowance from Angel, while working at Flintcombe Ash, she travels to Emminster, intending to ask the Clares for help something that requires great courage of she who is proud and does not want to beg, as well as ashamed to admit the seperation between she and Clare. By Chance, the family is with the congregation when she arrives, and she is forced to the way she came and lurk in the bushes where it chances that she overhears to conversation between the Clare brothers and Mercy, which completely destroys her confidence and prevents her from returning to the Clares house. She is left in a very financially frightening position. Finally, it is all due to Chance that she happens upon the preaching of none other than Alec DUrberville, so many years after she departed Trantridge. It is also a coincidence that he has been converted by Angels father, and has fallen in with the sign-painter with whom Tess travelled. This chance meeting rekindles his lust for her, and is the direct cause of the renewed pursuit. Although she resists him for a long time, with the death of her father and the eviction of the family she finally feels it is her duty to support them by surrendering to Alec. The tragic coincidence of Angels arrival so soon after she has given up hope causes her to become bitter, even driving her slightly mad, and she kills Alec in her distraction. There is a sense of inevitability about the remaining chapters she has sooner or later to be hunted down by the authorities, and her seeming desire for death aids her capture. Chance is one of the most common plot devices in Tess, and coincidences and chance happenings abound to a frustrating degree, especially when they increase Tess anguish needlessly. However, a novel cannot be expected to adhere to the pattern of real life, howeber Faithfully Presented coincidences are natural to hold the plot together and prompt dramatic events. The tragedy of the sum of unfortunate circumstances which lead to Tess downfall are poignant because of the attachment one forms with Tess, but Tess of the DUrbervilles is a tragic novel, most of its drama relying on the imminence of suffering in her short life.